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Copper is key to critical enzymes during pregnancy.

copper fertility iron overload pregnancy

Before we get started, if you haven’t heard this before: minerals run enzymes.
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Copper is very important for overall metabolic function, especially during pregnancy. It’s a primary component to a few key enzymes:
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〰️Hephaestin: Increases iron absorption from the intestines during rapid growth and pregnancy.
〰️Zyklopen: Supports the transfer of iron from mother to baby.
〰️Ceruloplasmin: May help regulate serotonin. Excess serotonin has been liked to potential spontaneous aborti0n and a tendency towards autism.
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Copper is also found in relatively high concentrations in amniotic fluid, nodding to its importance for fetal development. This is also directly correlated with maternal levels. (Suliburska et al)
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Gambling et al describe how copper deficiency can potentially impact pregnancy outcomes.“The extent to which Cu deficiency affects pregnancy outcome is very much dependent on both the severity and timing of the deficiency. If deficiency occurs before mating it may lead to reproductive failure and early embryonic death......prenatal Cu deficiency could have permanently altered the expression of proteins involved in Cu metabolism.”
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So do Vukelić et al. “In p@thological pregnancies (habitual...imminent...missed ab0rtion, missed labour, spontaneous ab0rtion, premature rupture of membranes) the mean serum copper values were significantly lower (p<0.01) comparing with the mean values obtained in the serum of healthy pregnant women with a normal course of pregnancy.”
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Even though it’s often overlooked, Copper is clearly a very important piece to a healthy pregnancy.

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Not medical advice.

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This is not medical advice. Always consult your healthcare professional before pursuing any changes to your personal healthcare regime.

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References

Bassiouni, B.A. Rafei, A.A. (1979). 5-Hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), copper and ceruloplasmin plasma concentrations in spontaneous abortion. Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0028224379900030.

Cao, C. Fleming, M.D. (2016). The placenta: the forgotten essential organ of iron transport. Retrieved from: http://europepmc.org/article/PMC/5059819#nuw009-B78.

Cartner, A.M. (2012). EVOLUTION OF PLACENTAL FUNCTION IN MAMMALS: THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF GAS AND NUTRIENT TRANSFER, HORMONE SECRETION, AND IMMUNE RESPONSES. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Anthony_Carter2/publication/232278000_Evolution_of_Placental_Function_in_Mammals_The_Molecular_Basis_of_Gas_and_Nutrient_Transfer_Hormone_Secretion_and_Immune_Responses/links/0046352780784b5ed8000000/Evolution-of-Placental-Function-in-Mammals-The-Molecular-Basis-of-Gas-and-Nutrient-Transfer-Hormone-Secretion-and-Immune-Responses.pdf?origin=figuresDialog.

Chen, H. Attieh, Z.K. Syed, B.A. Kuo, Y.M. Stevens, V. Fuqua, B.K. Andersen, H.S. Naylor, C.E. Evans, R.W. Gambling, L. Danzeisen, R. Bacouri-Haidar, M. Usta, J. Vulpe, C.D. McArdle, H.J. (2010). Identification of Zyklopen, a New Member of the Vertebrate Multicopper Ferroxidase Family, and Characterization in Rodents and Human Cells. Retrieved from: https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/140/10/1728/4689064.

Doguer, C. Ha, J. Gulec, S. Vulpe, C.D. Anderson, G.J. Collins, J.F. (2017). Intestinal hephaestin potentiates iron absorption in weanling, adult, and pregnant mice under physiological conditions. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5727977/.

Gambling, L. McArdle, H.J. (2004). Iron, copper and fetal development. Retrieved from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15831127/.

Kuo, Y. Attieh, Z. Chen, H. Syed, J. Gitschier, H. McArdle, H.J. Vulpe, C. (2007). Zyklopen, a new member of the multi-copper ferroxidase family, is expressed in multiple tissues. Retrieved from: https://abdn.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/zyklopen-a-new-member-of-the-multi-copper-ferroxidase-family-is-e.

Peat, R. (2012). Serotonin, depression, and aggression: The problem of brain energy. Retrieved from: https://raypeat.com/articles/articles/serotonin-depression-aggression.shtml.

Robbins, M. (2021). Iron Toxicity Post #81: If you’re 6-9 months Pregnant, YOU ARE NOT “Anemic!!!!”. Retrieved from: https://therootcauseprotocol.com/iron-toxicity-post-81/.

Suliburska, J. Kocylowski, R. Komorowicz, I. Grzesiak, M. Bogdariski, P. Baralkiewicz, D. (2016). Concentrations of Mineral in Amniotic Fluid and Their Relations to Selected Maternal and Fetal Parameters. Retrieved from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26547910/.

Vukelić, J. Kapamadžija, A. Petrović, D. Gruljić, Z. Novakov-Mikić, A. Kopitović, V. Bjelica, A. (2012).  Variations of Serum Copper Values in Pregnancy. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Aleksandra-Novakov-Mikic/publication/223990979_Variations_of_Serum_Copper_Values_in_Pregnancy/links/0c960531457e74de89000000/Variations-of-Serum-Copper-Values-in-Pregnancy.pdf.

Wierzbicka, D. Gromadzka, G. (2014). Ceruloplasmin, hephaestin and zyklopen: the three multicopper oxidases important for human iron metabolism. Retrieved from: https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=55806.

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Remember: this post is for informational purposes only and may not be the best fit for you and your personal situation. It shall not be construed as medical advice. The information and education provided here is not intended or implied to supplement or replace professional medical treatment, advice, and/or diagnosis. Always check with your own physician or medical professional before trying or implementing any information read here. While the owner of this website tries to keep the information up to date, there may be things that are out-of-date and out of their control.